Organic analysis: Paint by numbers
In the inner of the shed: The array of bottles containing differently colored solutions in Mike Kelley’s installation “The Keep”. Photo: Helena Ernst // © VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2017
“The Keep” is the title of an installation created by the American artist Mike Kelley (1954- 2012), which is now part of the collection assembled by the Brandhorst Museum in Munich. Roughly hewn planks are nailed together to form what looks at first sight like a garden shed. The interior is visible through peepholes in the walls, and the viewer can discern a bench with circular slots cut in it, reminiscent of an old-fashioned latrine – an impression is further strengthened by the inclusion of a few comics and condoms. In the background, lit up like a house-bar, is an array of bottles and glasses filled with brightly colored liquids. It was, and is regarded as the one of the key works in the artist’s oeuvre. Kelley first made a name for himself as a musician in the noise and underground scene, but with “The Keep” he succeeded in combining apparently harmless and thoughtlessly discarded objects to produce an impression of menace, evoking the melancholy and the dangers that lurk in our everyday lives.
How does one go about conserving such an artwork? And how does one decide at what point, and in what state, it needs to be conserved? Art technician Helena Ernst chose to tackle these questions in her M.Sc. thesis at the Technical University of Munich – and she turned to Heinz Langhals, Professor of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry at LMU, for expert advice.
Langhals was particularly interested in the liquids displayed in the “house-bar”. They turned out to contain organic dyes which – unlike many of the inorganic pigments traditionally used by pictorial artists – are very sensitive to light, causing them to change color with time. “Color fastness is a particular problem in the case of homogeneous solutions of dyestuffs, such as inks, because the chromophores –the chemical structures responsible for the colors– are usually present in very low concentrations, ”Langhals explains. “In order to restore the original color tone, these dyes must be freshened up.”
This diagnosis raises the fundamental question of how one might reconstruct the original appearance of these elements of any artwork and, furthermore, how one can document this “primal” state and define it as a standard for the guidance of future restorers? “In both cases, an efficient method for the precise long-term documentation of tonal values is required, as conventional color scales are not up to the task,” says Langhals. So, together with Ernst, and his co-worker Thorben Schlücker, who now works on methods for the conservation of illuminated manuscripts at the Bavarian State Library, set out to develop such a technique. The researchers began by examining samples of the dyestuff in Kelley’s work with modern spectrophotometers.
The absorption spectra of colored solutions in the visible region can be precisely determined by state-of-the-art instruments, but the forms of the resulting curves are quite complex, and “they are not really suited for comparisons between the original and the current state,” says Langhals.
In the study which has just been published, Langhals has solved this problem by dividing the broad spectra into a maximum of seven Gaussian bands, each defined by a bell-shaped curve. In earlier work, he had already shown that complex light absorption curves can be accurately decomposed in this way. In the new paper, he has refined this approach to allow the complex shape of whole spectra to be simulated with high precision. The method now allows the course of the whole absorption spectrum to be encoded in a maximum of 21 numerical values. – This coded description of the absorption spectrum can then be used as the basis for a comparison between the initial condition and the currentstate of the work, allowing the original color palette to be restored. In addition, such comparisons enable one to infer the structure of the chromophore systems originally employed, and thus to identify the chemical composition of the highly diluted original dyestuff. With the help of the new method, the Munich researchers were able to conclude that the artist made use of three different stock solutions to mix the seven colored liquids used in “The Keep”. Meanwhile, Langhals has patented the method, which can be applied not only to organic dyes but also to inorganic pigments.
Analytical Letters 2017